کاربران گرامی به وبلاگ زبان یار برهان خوش آمدید

فعال کمکی (معین)

افعال کمکی یا معین (auxiliary verbs) معمولاً قبل از یک فعل دیگر (فعل اصلی) در جمله قرار می‌گیرند و کارشان کمک به فعل اصلی جمله در تشکیل عبارات فعلی می‌باشد.

 

افعال کمکی را می‌توان به دو دسته تقسیم نمود:
 

افعال کمکی اصلی

be, have, do

افعال کمکی وجهی

must
ought to
used to

shall
should

may
might

can
could

will
would

 

ویژگیهای افعال کمکی

الف) افعال کمکی اصلی

حالت سوم شخص مفرد (-s form)، گذشته ساده و اسم مفعول (قسمت سوم فعل) آنها نامنظم (بی قاعده) است:
 

past participle

past tense

-s form

 

be:

have:

do:

been

had

done

was / were

had

did

is

has

does

ب) افعال کمکی وجهی

1- در حالت سوم شخص مفرد (بر خلاف افعال معمولی) -s نمی‌گیرند:

  • She can play the piano quite well. (not: She cans ...)
     

  • He must work harder. (not: He musts ...)

 

2- در جملات پرسشی و منفی، از فعل کمکی دیگری استفاده نمی‌کنند:

  • What would you buy if you won the lottery?
    (not: What did you would buy ...)

3- هیچگاه to بعد از آنها قرار نمی‌گیرد (به استثنای ought to و used to):

  • You should phone the police immediately. (not: you should to phone ...)
     

4- هیچگاه -ed یا -ing نمی‌گیرند:

 musting, musted

5- هیچگاه با همدیگر به کار برده نمی‌شوند:

  • I might could wash the car.

 

قابلیت های مختلف افعال کمکی

1- برای منفی کردن یک جمله کافی است پس از فعل کمکی، not اضافه کنید و یا از حالت مخفف آن استفاده کنید:

 She will come → She will not (won't) come.

2- برای پرسشی کردن یک جمله، فعل کمکی را قبل از فاعل جمله قرار دهید:

 She will come Will she come?

3- گاهی می‌توان فعل اصلی پس از فعل کمکی را حذف کرد به شرط آنکه معنی آن (با توجه به شرایط) واضح باشد:

  • 'Will she come tonight?' 'No, she can't.' (='she can't come.')
     

  • 'I've never been to China. Have you?'



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تاريخ : پنج شنبه 27 تير 1392برچسب:, | 16:1 | نویسنده : مجید برهانی |

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